Nature-Friendly Approach To Environmental Pollution: Biological Removal of Dispersed Yellow 4G Dye by Mixed Fungi Cell-CaAlj-PVA

Abstract

The research examined the biological degradation of distributed yellow 4 G dye at various concentrations using four kinds of fungal cells. The research identified two fungal species, Morchella esculenta and Trametes versicolor, exhibiting the best biological removal rates by analyzing their laccase and MnP enzyme activities, together with the biological removal of dyestuff by free fungal cells. Free fungal cells removed the dye with efficiencies ranging from approximately 60% to 85.86% over 120 h, depending on the dye concentration. Immobilized fungal cells, using a calcium alginate-PVA matrix, achieved higher degradation rates, reaching up to 96.24%, compared to 92.47% for free-cell consortia. These results showed that immobilized cells were more suitable for the biological removal of dispersed yellow 4 G dyestuffs. The study demonstrated that dye concentration significantly affected degradation efficiency and highlighted the critical roles of laccase and MnP enzymes in the process. Overall, immobilized fungal cells were found to be more effective for the biological removal of dispersed yellow 4 G dye. The study also varied the concentration of dye to investigate its effect on the performance of the fungal cells. © 2025 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.