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https://hdl.handle.net/11499/11034
Title: | Origin, evolution and geothermometry of the thermal waters in the Gölemezli Geothermal Field, Denizli Basin (SW Anatolia, Turkey) | Authors: | Alçiçek, Hülya Bülbül, A. Brogi, A. Liotta, D. Ruggieri, G. Capezzuoli, E. Meccheri, M. |
Keywords: | Hydrogeochemistry Isotopes Metamorphic CO2 Mixing process Tectonics Water-rock interactions Calcium Faulting Fracture Geochronology Geothermal fields Hydrochemistry Ion exchange Mixing Rocks Sedimentary rocks Active tectonic settings Geochemical characteristic Geothermal reservoir Hydro geochemistries Ion exchange reactions Water rock interactions Metamorphic rocks carbon dioxide geothermal system geothermometry hydrogeochemistry hydrothermal fluid isotopic analysis isotopic composition magmatism mixing normal fault tectonic setting thermal water water-rock interaction Denizli Basin Golemezli Geothermal Field Turkey |
Publisher: | Elsevier B.V. | Abstract: | The Gölemezli Geothermal Field (GGF) is one of the best known geothermal fields in western Anatolia (Turkey). The exploited fluids are of meteoric origin, mixed with deep magmatic fluids, which interacted with the metamorphic rocks of the Menderes Massif. The geothermal fluids are channeled along Quaternary faults belonging to the main normal faults system delimiting the northern side of the Denizli Basin and their associated transfer zones. In this study, hydrochemical and isotopic analyses of the thermal and cold waters allow us to determine water-rock interactions, fluid paths and mixing processes. Two groups of thermal waters have been distinguished: (i) Group 1A, comprising Na-SO4 type and Ca-SO4 type and (ii) Group 1B, only consisting Ca-HCO3 type waters. Differently, two groups were recognized in the cold waters: (i) Group 2A, corresponding to Ca-HCO3 type and (ii) Group 2B, including Mg-HCO3 type. Their geochemical characteristics indicate interactions with the Paleozoic metamorphic rocks of the Menderes Massif and with the Neogene lacustrine sedimentary rocks. Dissolution of host rock and ion-exchange reactions modify thermal water composition in the reservoir of the GGF. High correlation in some ionic ratios and high concentrations of some minor elements suggest an enhanced water-rock interaction. None of the thermal waters has been reached a complete chemical re-equilibrium, possibly as a result of mixing with cold water during their pathways. Geothermal reservoir temperatures are calculated in the range of 130-210°C for the Gölemezli field. Very negative ?18O and ?2H isotopic ratios are respectively between -8.37 and -8.13‰ and -61.09 and -59.34‰ for the SO4-rich thermal waters, and ca. - 8.40 and -8.32‰ and - 57.80 and -57.41‰ for the HCO3-rich thermal waters. Low tritium (< 1 TU) and low oxygen isotope values reflect a deep circuit and fluids of meteoric origin. Positive ?13CDIC ratios (+ 5.11 to + 7.54‰) of all thermal waters imply a contribution of metamorphic origin. Heating is guaranteed by a deep circuit within an overheated continental crust, mainly affected by damaged rock volumes. Volatile ascent from deep magmatic sources through crustal structures can explain the occurrence of mantle volatiles at shallow depth in the Denizli Basin. The NW- and NE-trending fault systems, associated with their related fractures, played as hydraulic conduits underlining the strict link existing between fractures and fluid convection in the extensional settings. In this view, the GGF is a very good example of geothermal field associated to active tectonic setting and magmatism, as it is the case of the other geothermal fields occurring in the Denizli Basin. © 2017 Elsevier B.V. | URI: | https://hdl.handle.net/11499/11034 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.07.021 |
ISSN: | 0377-0273 |
Appears in Collections: | Mühendislik Fakültesi Koleksiyonu Scopus İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu / Scopus Indexed Publications Collection WoS İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu / WoS Indexed Publications Collection |
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