The effect of cardiometabolic control and malnutrition on the prevalence and prognosis of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the predictive value of cardiometabolic control, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and malnutrition-related inflammation markers for predicting diabetic retinopathy (DR) prevalence and prognosis. Materials and methods: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients who were consecutively admitted to Internal and Ophthalmology outpatient clinics were included in this study. Clinical, haematological and biochemical data were recorded. Cut-off values of GGT, hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte and platelet (HALP) score, nutritional risk index (NRI) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) scores were determined by receiver operator characteristic curve analysis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the association of all variables with DR. We evaluated which of these tests were predictive and prognostic for the development of DR. Results: This study included 166 patients. Fasting blood glucose (p<0.001), creatinine (p=0.01), HbA1c (p<0.001) and microalbuminuria (p=0.01) were higher in patients with retinopathy. Mean arterial pressure (p=0.01), fasting blood glucose (p=0.03), triglyceride (p=0.008), body mass index (BMI) (p=0.02) and HbA1c (p=0.04) increased significantly as GGT level increased. Contrary to the literature, HALP, PNI and NRI scores were not associated with DR. Conclusion: Duration of diabetes, cardiometabolic control and GGT level are variables with predictive value for the prognosis of DR. No significant