Phytochemical Analysis and Bioactive Potentials of Algerian Pomegranate Peel Extracts in Food Preservation and Cancer Cell Lines Cytotoxicity

Abstract

The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is recognized for its wide-ranging applications in phytotherapy, traditional cuisine, and the agri-food sector. In this study, we investigated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant potential, and cytotoxic activity of lyophilized peel extracts from three Algerian cultivars: "Hamedh," "Adhmi," and "Sefri." These locally cultivated varieties were selected for their commercial relevance and phenotypic differences. The results revealed significant inter-cultivar variations in total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols, and tannins, with the Hamedh cultivar exhibiting the highest levels of key bioactive compounds. LC-MS/MS profiling identified ten major constituents, including phenolic acids (gallic acid and p-coumaric acid) and flavonoids (quercetin and rutin), which are known to modulate oxidative stress and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. The Hamedh extract demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity across DPPH, ABTS, and CUPRAC assays. All extracts exhibited selective cytotoxic effects against Caco-2 colorectal cancer cells, while the LnCap prostate cancer cell line showed notable sensitivity to the Adhmi extract. No significant cytotoxicity was observed in H1299 or MCF-7 cells. These findings suggest that Algerian pomegranate peels-particularly from the Hamedh cultivar-are a promising natural source of antioxidant and anticancer agents. They hold potential for application in pharmaceutical formulations and as bio-based preservatives in the food industry.