Riskten korunma amaçlı türev araçların TMS/TFRS kapsamında muhasebeleştirilmesi ve uygulaması

Abstract

Companies encounter certain risks in financial markets. One of the methods used by the companies is the derivative instruments used with the aim of avoiding risks such as foreign exchange, liquidity and interest rate. In this study, contracts regarding derivative instruments that have various forms such as forward, futures, option and swap are pointed out. The study investigates valuation, recognition and reporting in financial statements in the event of being a party to the contracts of derivative marketable and/or hedging instruments as well as model applications. Accounting records were realized under TAS/TFRS and based on Uniform Accounting Plan, accounting records on derivative instruments were evaluated and required deficient accounts concerning derivative instruments were emphasized. Furthermore, financial statements and footnotes of the companies, which are members of Borsa Istanbul other than banking sector, were reviewed in the study. Accordingly, when the share of derivative instrument contracts in the financial accounts were considered, it was noted that utilization of derivative instruments were realized relatively low and they were used mostly for hedging. In the last section, accounting records of two companies, not being the members of Borsa Istanbul and utilizing derivative instruments were reviewed and current accounting records were evaluated by stating current accounting records of the companies. It is found that derivative instrument contracts are not adequately utilized as what benefit is gained from such is not entirely known and lack of relevant information.

Firmalar finansal piyasalarda çeşitli risklerle karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Firmaların karşılaşabilecekleri yabancı para, likidite, faiz oranı gibi risklerden korunmak amacıyla kullandıkları yöntemlerden biri de türev araçlardır. Bu çalışmada forward, futures, opsiyon ve swap gibi türleri olan türev araçlara ilişkin sözleşmelerin kullanım amaçlarına dikkat çekilmektedir. Çalışmada alım satım amaçlı ve/veya riskten korunma amaçlı yapılan türev araç sözleşmelerinde taraf olunması durumundaki değerleme, muhasebeleştirme ve finansal tablolarda raporlamasıyla ilgili uygulamalar araştırılmakta ve örnek uygulamalara yer verilmektedir. Muhasebe kayıtlarında ise TMS/TFRS kapsamında muhasebe kayıtları gerçekleştirilmiş ve uygulamadaki Tekdüzen Hesap Planı esas alınarak türev araçlara ilişkin muhasebe kayıtları değerlendirilerek, türev araçlarla ilgili ihtiyaç duyulan eksik hesaplara değinilmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca, türev araçların ülkemizde kullanım düzeyini ortaya koymak amacıyla Borsa İstanbul’a üye bankacılık sektörü dışındaki firmaların finansal tabloları ve dipnotları incelenmiştir. Buna göre, firmaların türev araç sözleşmelerinin bilanço içindeki payı incelendiğinde, türev araç kullanımının çok düşük düzeyde gerçekleştiği ve daha çok riskten korunma amaçlı yapıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Son bölümde ise, Borsa İstanbul’a üye olmayan, türev araçlardan yararlanan iki firmanın muhasebe kayıtları incelenmiştir ve firmaların halihazırda gerçekleştirdikleri muhasebe kayıtlarına yer verilerek gerçekleştirilmesi gereken muhasebe kayıtları değerlendirilmiştir. Uygulamada türev araç sözleşmelerinden yeterince yararlanılmadığı, ne tür bir yararının olacağı ile ilgili yeterli bilgi sahibi olunmadığı, muhasebeleştirme ile ilgili bilgilerin yetersizliği tespit edilmiştir. Companies encounter certain risks in financial markets. One of the methods used by the companies is the derivative instruments used with the aim of avoiding risks such as foreign exchange, liquidity and interest rate. In this study, contracts regarding derivative instruments that have various forms such as forward, futures, option and swap are pointed out. The study investigates valuation, recognition and reporting in financial statements in the event of being a party to the contracts of derivative marketable and/or hedging instruments as well as model applications. Accounting records were realized under TAS/TFRS and based on Uniform Accounting Plan, accounting records on derivative instruments were evaluated and required deficient accounts concerning derivative instruments were emphasized. Furthermore, financial statements and footnotes of the companies, which are members of Borsa Istanbul other than banking sector, were reviewed in the study. Accordingly, when the share of derivative instrument contracts in the financial accounts were considered, it was noted that utilization of derivative instruments were realized relatively low and they were used mostly for hedging. In the last section, accounting records of two companies, not being the members of Borsa Istanbul and utilizing derivative instruments were reviewed and current accounting records were evaluated by stating current accounting records of the companies. It is found that derivative instrument contracts are not adequately utilized as what benefit is gained from such is not entirely known and lack of relevant information.