Signal limitations of the current-mode filters employing current conveyors

Abstract

It is well known that second-generation current conveyors (CCII) are widely used for the realization of second-order current-mode universal filters. A filter with high-quality factor (Q) and gain constant (K) suffers from various signal swing restrictions especially at its angular resonance frequency (?<inf>0</inf>). This is due to the terminal voltages of the CCIIs limited by the power supply voltages and maximum allowable terminal currents of the CCIIs. In this paper, signal limitations of the CCII-based current-mode filters are investigated in detail. A filter example is given to exhibit the signal limitations of a universal current-mode filter. The time-domain and frequency-domain results of the proposed filter are also given to verify the theoretical analysis. © 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.