Retrospective Evaluation of Regorafenib Efficacy in Patients with Denovo Metastatic Colon Carcinoma
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Giriş: Kolorektal kanser dünya genelinde en sık görülen ve yüksek mortalite oranına sahip malignitelerden biridir. Kolorektal kanserli olguların yaklaşık %80'inde hastalık tanı anında rezektabl durumdadır; buna karşın hastaların yaklaşık %20'sinde tanı sırasında metastatik hastalık saptanmaktadır. Erken tanı, prognoz açısından olumlu kabul edilmekle birlikte, ilerleyen dönemlerde tanı alan olguların en az yarısında metastaz geliştiği ve bu metastatik lezyonların büyük bir kısmının cerrahi olarak rezeksiyona uygun olmadığı bildirilmiştir. Rezektabl olmayan ya da metastatik kolorektal kanserli olgularda tedavi yaklaşımı, hedefe yönelik ajanların dahil edildiği ya da edilmediği kombine kemoterapi protokollerinin uygulanmasına dayanmaktadır. Mevcut tüm standart tedavilere rağmen progresyon gelişen ve performansı iyi olan hastalar için kurtarma tedavisi olarak regorafenib'in kullanılması 2012 yılında Amerikan Gıda ve İlaç Dairesi (FDA) onaylandı. Regorafenib, onkogenezde, tümör anjiyogenezinde ve tümör mikroçevresinin modülasyonunda aktif olan çoklu protein kinazların aktivitesini bloke ettiği gösterilen bir oral çoklu kinaz inhibitörüdür. Çalışmamızda metastatik kolon kanseri tanısıyla takip edilen ve standart sistemik tedavilerden sonra progresyon nedeniyle regorafenib kullanan hastalarda; tedaviye yanıtı, toleransı, ilaç yan etkilerini, progresyonsuz sağkalım ve genel sağkalımı değerlendirmeyi amaçladık. Yöntem: Çalışmamız retrospektif olup, 2009-2024 yılları arasında Pamukkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi Medikal Onkoloji Polikliniğinde takip edilen tanı anında evre IV kolon kanserli olan ve en az 1 kür regorafenib tedavisi alan 50 hasta dahil edildi. Bu hastaların klinikopatolojik özellikleri, aldıkları tedaviler, regorafenib tedavisine yanıtları, yan etki profilleri değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Çalışmamızda regorafenibi üçüncü basamakta alan 29, dördüncü basamakta alan 21 hasta mevcuttu. Regorafenib tedavi basamağına göre yapılan değerlendirmede, ilacın 4. basamakta kullanıldığı hastalarda ortanca OS 45 ay ile daha yüksek bulunmuş olup fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır (p=0.048). Regorafenib tedavisi hastaların %58'inde üçüncü basamakta, %42'sinde dördüncü basamakta uygulanmış olup, ortalama kür sayısı 5,64±4,00 (1–16) olarak hesaplanmıştır. Regorafenib kür sayısı anlamlı bir belirteç olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. >5,5 kür kullanan hastalarda ortanca OS 52 ay, ≤5,5 kür kullananlarda ise 30 ay olup bu fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (p=0.006). Regorafenibi hastaların 12'si 80 mg, 9'u 120 mg ve 29'u 160 mg dozunda kullanmıştır. Takip sürecinde hastaların 20'sinde yan etki gelişmemişken 30'unda yan etki gelişmiştir. Metastaz varlığı açısından en sık karaciğer metastazı (%72) saptanmış, akciğer metastazı %34, lenf nodu metastazı %40, kemik metastazı %12 ve periton metastazı %14 olarak kaydedilmiştir; beyin metastazı olan hasta bulunmamaktadır. Metastaz alanları incelendiğinde karaciğer metastazı olmayan hastalarda ortanca PFS 5 ay, karaciğer metastazı olanlarda 4 ay olup bu fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (p=0.033). SONUÇ: Çalışmamızda, regorafenibin tedavi basamağı ile mortalite arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmazken, tedavi süresinin mortalite riski üzerinde bağımsız ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkisi olduğu görülmüştür. ≤5,5 kür regorafenib alan hastalarda mortalite riskinin, >5,5 kür alanlara kıyasla yaklaşık 2,5 kat daha yüksek olması (HR: 2,48; p=0,016) bu tedavinin sürekliliğinin sağkalım açısından kritik bir faktör olduğunu göstermektedir.Bu durum, tedaviye erken son verilen hastalarda biyolojik agresiflik ve/veya toksisite nedeniyle sağkalımın olumsuz etkilenebileceğini göstermektedir.Benzer şekilde, regorafenibin tedavi basamağının sağkalım üzerindeki etkisinin anlamlı olmaması, ilacın etkinliğinin erken veya geç dönemde başlanmasından ziyade, hastanın ilacı ne kadar sürede tolere ettiği ve tedaviye devam edebildiği ile ilişkilidir.Sonuç olarak, çalışmamız regorafenib tedavisinde sürekliliğin sağkalım için belirleyici olduğunu ortaya koymakta, tedaviye erken son verilmesinin mortalite riskini artırabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu nedenle, toksisite yönetimi ve hasta takibinin tedavi başarısındaki rolü klinik uygulamalarda ön plana çıkmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kolon kanseri, Regorafenib, Metastaz
Abstract İntroduction: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and is associated with high mortality rates. Approximately 80% of patients with colorectal cancer have resectable disease at the time of diagnosis; however, metastatic disease is detected in about 20% of patients at presentation. Although early diagnosis is considered favorable in terms of prognosis, metastases develop in at least half of patients diagnosed at more advanced stages, and a substantial proportion of these metastatic lesions are reported to be unsuitable for surgical resection. In patients with unresectable or metastatic colorectal cancer, treatment is primarily based on combination chemotherapy regimens, with or without the addition of targeted agents. Despite all currently available standard therapies, regorafenib was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2012 as a salvage treatment option for patients with good performance status who experience disease progression. Regorafenib is an orally administered multikinase inhibitor that has been shown to block the activity of multiple protein kinases involved in oncogenesis, tumor angiogenesis, and modulation of the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we aimed to evaluate treatment response, tolerability, adverse effects, progression-free survival, and overall survival in patients with metastatic colon cancer who received regorafenib due to disease progression after standard systemic therapies. Method: Our study was retrospective and included 50 patients who were followed at the Medical Oncology Outpatient Clinic of Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine Hospital between 2009 and 2024, had stage IV colon cancer at the time of diagnosis, and received at least one cycle of regorafenib. The clinicopathological characteristics of these patients, the treatments they received, their responses to regorafenib, and their adverse event profiles were evaluated. Result: In our study, 29 patients received regorafenib as third-line therapy and 21 as fourth-line therapy. When outcomes were evaluated according to the treatment line, the median overall survival (OS) was significantly higher in patients who received regorafenib in the fourth line (45 months) (p=0.048). Regorafenib was administered as third-line treatment in 58% of patients and as fourth-line treatment in 42%, with a mean number of cycles of 5.64±4.00 (range, 1–16). The number of regorafenib cycles emerged as a significant prognostic indicator: the median OS was 52 months in patients who received >5.5 cycles versus 30 months in those who received ≤5.5 cycles, and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.006). Regarding dosing, 12 patients received 80 mg, 9 received 120 mg, and 29 received 160 mg of regorafenib. During follow-up, 20 patients experienced no adverse events, whereas 30 developed treatment-related adverse events. In terms of metastatic sites, liver metastasis was the most common (72%), followed by lymph node metastasis (40%), lung metastasis (34%), peritoneal metastasis (14%), and bone metastasis (12%); no patients had brain metastases. When metastatic sites were analyzed, median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5 months in patients without liver metastases and 4 months in those with liver metastases, with the difference being statistically significant (p=0.033). Conclusion: In our study, no significant association was found between the line of regorafenib therapy and mortality; however, treatment duration had an independent and statistically significant effect on mortality risk. The approximately 2.5-fold higher risk of mortality among patients who received ≤5.5 cycles of regorafenib compared with those who received >5.5 cycles (HR: 2.48; p=0.016) indicates that maintaining treatment is a critical determinant of survival. This finding suggests that survival may be adversely affected in patients who discontinue therapy early due to biological aggressiveness and/or treatment-related toxicity. Similarly, the lack of a significant effect of the treatment line on survival implies that the effectiveness of regorafenib is less related to whether it is initiated earlier or later in the treatment sequence, and more closely linked to the patient's ability to tolerate the drug and remain on therapy. In conclusion, our results highlight treatment continuity as a key factor for survival in patients receiving regorafenib and suggest that early discontinuation may increase mortality risk. Therefore, toxicity management and close patient monitoring should be emphasized in clinical practice, given their central role in optimizing treatment outcomes. Keywords: Colon cancer; Regorafenib; Metastasis
Abstract İntroduction: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and is associated with high mortality rates. Approximately 80% of patients with colorectal cancer have resectable disease at the time of diagnosis; however, metastatic disease is detected in about 20% of patients at presentation. Although early diagnosis is considered favorable in terms of prognosis, metastases develop in at least half of patients diagnosed at more advanced stages, and a substantial proportion of these metastatic lesions are reported to be unsuitable for surgical resection. In patients with unresectable or metastatic colorectal cancer, treatment is primarily based on combination chemotherapy regimens, with or without the addition of targeted agents. Despite all currently available standard therapies, regorafenib was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2012 as a salvage treatment option for patients with good performance status who experience disease progression. Regorafenib is an orally administered multikinase inhibitor that has been shown to block the activity of multiple protein kinases involved in oncogenesis, tumor angiogenesis, and modulation of the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we aimed to evaluate treatment response, tolerability, adverse effects, progression-free survival, and overall survival in patients with metastatic colon cancer who received regorafenib due to disease progression after standard systemic therapies. Method: Our study was retrospective and included 50 patients who were followed at the Medical Oncology Outpatient Clinic of Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine Hospital between 2009 and 2024, had stage IV colon cancer at the time of diagnosis, and received at least one cycle of regorafenib. The clinicopathological characteristics of these patients, the treatments they received, their responses to regorafenib, and their adverse event profiles were evaluated. Result: In our study, 29 patients received regorafenib as third-line therapy and 21 as fourth-line therapy. When outcomes were evaluated according to the treatment line, the median overall survival (OS) was significantly higher in patients who received regorafenib in the fourth line (45 months) (p=0.048). Regorafenib was administered as third-line treatment in 58% of patients and as fourth-line treatment in 42%, with a mean number of cycles of 5.64±4.00 (range, 1–16). The number of regorafenib cycles emerged as a significant prognostic indicator: the median OS was 52 months in patients who received >5.5 cycles versus 30 months in those who received ≤5.5 cycles, and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.006). Regarding dosing, 12 patients received 80 mg, 9 received 120 mg, and 29 received 160 mg of regorafenib. During follow-up, 20 patients experienced no adverse events, whereas 30 developed treatment-related adverse events. In terms of metastatic sites, liver metastasis was the most common (72%), followed by lymph node metastasis (40%), lung metastasis (34%), peritoneal metastasis (14%), and bone metastasis (12%); no patients had brain metastases. When metastatic sites were analyzed, median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5 months in patients without liver metastases and 4 months in those with liver metastases, with the difference being statistically significant (p=0.033). Conclusion: In our study, no significant association was found between the line of regorafenib therapy and mortality; however, treatment duration had an independent and statistically significant effect on mortality risk. The approximately 2.5-fold higher risk of mortality among patients who received ≤5.5 cycles of regorafenib compared with those who received >5.5 cycles (HR: 2.48; p=0.016) indicates that maintaining treatment is a critical determinant of survival. This finding suggests that survival may be adversely affected in patients who discontinue therapy early due to biological aggressiveness and/or treatment-related toxicity. Similarly, the lack of a significant effect of the treatment line on survival implies that the effectiveness of regorafenib is less related to whether it is initiated earlier or later in the treatment sequence, and more closely linked to the patient's ability to tolerate the drug and remain on therapy. In conclusion, our results highlight treatment continuity as a key factor for survival in patients receiving regorafenib and suggest that early discontinuation may increase mortality risk. Therefore, toxicity management and close patient monitoring should be emphasized in clinical practice, given their central role in optimizing treatment outcomes. Keywords: Colon cancer; Regorafenib; Metastasis
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