Comparison of quality and risky play opportunities of playgrounds in Germany

Abstract

Outdoor playgrounds are essential for children's development, offering opportunities for various types of play, including risky play. Based in Hamburg, Germany, this study sought to compare the qualities and affordances for risky play between two distinct types of playgrounds: green playgrounds in urban parks or natural areas and neighborhood playgrounds in denser residential zones. Sixteen playgrounds (eight from each category) were meticulously observed and evaluated using a qualitative embedded multiple-case study approach. Analysis tools included the 7Cs Scale, which measures playground design quality, and a Risky Play Opportunities Observation Form that categorizes different types of risky play. Results revealed that green playgrounds typically exhibited higher quality and provided a broader range of affordances for risky play opportunities than their neighborhood counterparts-both types of playgrounds offered experiences such as climbing, jumping, and balancing. However, green playgrounds were richer in opportunities, especially concerning playing near potentially dangerous elements. Certain risky play categories, like 'playing with dangerous tools,' were notably absent in both playground types. The findings underscore the critical role of thoughtful playground design in fostering children's growth, suggesting a need to prioritize nature-oriented and risk-enabling playgrounds that maximize affordances.